To re-evaluate goals and objectives as part of an interactive process. This center would be responsible for:Coordination of sustainable farming and eco-park development with regional ecological restoration planning, including restoration of soil quality, constructed wetlands for water treatment, and creation of micro-habitats along riparian corridors and surrounding vegetation.Development of business models for organic farming and food processing that help small to mid-size farmers remain financially viable producers.Integration of sustainable farming and food processing with town and city programs to use energy, water, and material resources, including urban discards, efficiently.Coordination of research between local and foreign organic research centers.This would be an ambitious initiative, integrating regional rural and urban economic development with restoration of major natural systems.
Effective watershed management is the need of the hour as it is feared that within a few decades availability of water in the country will be about 1700 to 2000 cubic metres per person as against the world average of 5000 to 9000 cubic metres per person. 5. A watershed embraces physical-biological features as well as socio-economic and political features which have to be integrated into the planning and management process. Sometimes the hydrological benefits of land-management changes, such as changing conventional agricultural practices to conservation practices (e.g., cover cropping and no-till farming) are slow and incremental. In the study of image processing, a watershed is a transformation defined on a grayscale image. Organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen are mainly exported according to the flushing typology.The leaching of nitrogen into surface water occurs mainly in the condition of permeable (sandy) soils, by subsurface tile drainage or acidic soil and the absence of slope (Leaching and surface flow are mostly addressed together as the flow from autonomous landscape units (agricultural fields and urban areas) through transit units (slopes, adjacent to water bodies) to superaquatic landscape elements (riparian forest and grassland) (Superaquatic landscape units are substantially different from autonomous and transit landscape units in terms of their flat topography, hydromorphic soils (Histic and Histosols), anaerobic conditions, and natural and seminatural vegetation (forest, shrub and grass). This would involve working simultaneously to promote watershed governance capacity both within and between micro watersheds. The difficulty of managing watershed interventions at diverse scales so as to achieve the larger-scale objectives of downstream impacts is further complicated because of participatory approaches, which basically give the option of interventions to the communities rather than to the planners.The important question regarding the trade-off between operating at an optimal hydrologic unit and an optimal social unit is its severity. Watershed management is aimed at land and water resources, and is applied to an area of land that drains to a defined location along a stream or river.
The basis for achieving results from such modifications within watersheds is through understanding how threshold behavior in hydrological systems can be exploited to achieve or regain stability.
A mix of upstream interventions would only have a considerable impact downstream if prioritized and planned within the larger watershed perspective and with understanding of the spatial and hydrologic links between the perceived externalities and their underlying factors (e.g., land and water use). Some traditional objectives of watershed management are to mitigate flooding risk to structures or entire communities, restore wetland function, inhibit runoff of nutrients from agricultural land, or protect drinking source-water areas from environmental contaminants.The actions implemented to modify hydrological functions for these and other goals range from removing invasive species of vegetation and replacing them with native species, the planting of specific plant species along designed riparian buffers to slow runoff and encourage water residence time and infiltration, to encouraging the use of green infrastructure to allow natural groundwater recharge through areas that would have traditionally been covered by impervious surfaces. Second, operating on the basis of a feasible social unit (a village micro watershed instead of a macro watershed that crosses administrative boundaries) in fact trades one set of problems for another. In India, micro watersheds are generally defined as falling in the range of 500-1000 ha. Resolving the trade-offs is necessary for the widespread success of the watershed development program, but no obvious solutions exist. It is considered as the best unit for an Integrated and holistic development. There have been also several aided projects funded by World Bank. A watershed may be only a few hectares as in small ponds or hundreds of square kilometres as in rivers. Watershed management is, in the broader sense, an undertaking to maintain the equilibrium between elements of the natural ecosystem of vegetation, land or water on the one hand and man’s activities on the other hand.1.
In particular, the landless agricultural labourers were hardly able to enjoy the potential gains. There is a Chinese program that provides an indigenous approach to marry action toward these three goals.Chinese Ecological Agriculture (CEA) (Shengtai nongye) is a village-based initiative for reducing the energy intensity and environmental impacts of farming, improving productivity, opening village economic development opportunities, and improving quality of life.
Watershed management in the broader sense is informed by an undertaking to maintain the equilibrium between elements of the natural eco system or vegetation, land or water on the one hand and human activities on the other hand.
To determine the objectives and actions needed to achieve selected goals. Research has revealed that the micro-watershed approach may be producing hydrologic problems that would be best addressed by operating at a macro-watershed scale. Equally, appropriate partners will be those supporting the long-term ecological restoration of the agrarian environment. M.D.
However, in India, watershed management is largely focused on local level micro-watershed management for improved soil and water management where mainly ground water resources are affected.